Today, a good beer travels a long way before it reaches your table, but there is an even longer journey that leads back to its origins around 8000 years ago, a history as old as it is interesting. Curiously, these paths are crossed because, like in a brewery, over its history, beer had to pass through various stages to become one of the most-consumed beverages in the world. To best understand these two histories, let's start from the beginning – the grain – and pass through each of the stages of its development until it reaches the place where we appreciate it, the glass.
BC - Mesopotamia
The grains: the origin of it all. Just as in History, this ingredient is what allows for the emergence of beer.
BC - Mesopotamia
Yes, beer, by all indications, was not created but rather discovered, thanks to a spontaneous fermentation of grains (or bread dough) that had been soaked by rainwater and come into contact with yeasts present in the environment, producing alcohol. The first rudimentary beer was made, and since then, it has been appreciated around the world.
The date on which this happened is still unknown, but the region was probably Mesopotamia, known for having been the birthplace of agriculture, especially grain agriculture, like barley, wheat, sorghum, corn, rice, etc.
The ingredients contained in beer today
In comparison, the basic ingredients of modern beer are water, a source of starch (normally barley malt), hops, and yeast. Quite similar, isn't it?
6000 BC - Sumer
Malt: the basis for the creation.The first item to be produced and the basis for the rest of the process.
6000 BC - Sumer
The earliest records of beer brewing occur here. It can be said then that the Sumerians were the basis for the learning process and for future production and improvements of the beverage.
Women had leading roles in this story since in dividing up the daily chores men did the planting and harvesting of the cereals and women produced foods derived from these grains, such as flour, bread and, of course, beer.
1700 BC - Babylonia
Drying: defining the characteristics of the beer.
1700 BC - Babylonia
Depending on how you dry the grains, you can produce beer with different characteristics. Historically, this phase has defined how the beverage would move forward from that point.
Beer was gaining more and more importance in the culture of civilizations. In Babylonia, its influence was such that it ended up becoming a currency of trade and a definition of castes.
The tradition of preparing the beverage was being passed from one people to another. So, it is likely that the Babylonians had come into contact with beer because of the Sumerians and then passed their knowledge to the Egyptians.
Excerpt from the Code of Hammurabi about beer
To give you an idea of its importance, it is possible to find three laws regarding sale, manufacture, and consumption of beer in the Code of Hammurabi (the first known set of laws). One of these laws even punishes brewers who make poor-quality beer with death.
- The first stipulated that all visitors of a residence must be offered a beer as a sign of hospitality.
- The second established a daily ration of beer depending on the social position of the individual. It is estimated that a normal worker, for example, received two liters, civil servants received three liters, and administrators and high priests received five liters.
- The third stipulated that a person who manufactures bad beer should be sentenced to death by drowning in a barrel of his own beverage.
100 AD - Roman Empire
One step back, two steps forward.
100 AD - Roman Empire
With the Romans, beer gradually lost prominence to wine, which became the favorite beverage of the era. But, at the same time, it remained present within groups that appreciated the beverage and it gained new ground as the empire expanded.
With the Romans, beer gradually lost prominence to wine, which became the favorite beverage of the era. But, at the same time, it remained present within groups that appreciated the beverage and it gained new ground as the empire expanded.
1067 - Middle Ages
Fermentation: the fundamental transformation of the beer. It is here that the beverage evolves and takes the form that we know.
1067 - Middle Ages
In day-to-day life, women were the ones largely responsible for beer production – both as an artisanal activity and as a commercial one – in bars and breweries. They were the "brewsters", women who make beer.
In that era, there was a brewster nun named Hildegard de Bingen who, for the first time in history, recorded the use of hops in beer.
In fact, much of the beer production at the time was concentrated in monasteries in the north of Europe, an ideal place for cultivating grains and hops. It was there that beers were studied, refined, and disseminated. It was also there that the first recipes of the beverage were recorded.
During this time of popularization, Duke William IV of Bavaria created the Beer Purity Law (or Reinheitsgebot), decreeing that beer produced in the region must use only water, barley malt, and hops (yeast was only added later).
Taxation of wheat was one of the main reasons for the creation of the law. This is because the excess wheat used in beer manufacturing was driving up bread prices, and many people were no longer able to afford the product to feed themselves.
- Women x beer today
Women's involvement with beer remains very strong. Currently, of all the world's consumers of the beverage, 47% are women.
- The monks who used the beverage for its nutritive value, nourishing themselves with it during periods of fasting.
Since it has only natural ingredients, during the Middle Ages, many monks used the nutritional properties of beer that come from its grain, to "feed" themselves during periods of fasting.
1760 AD - Industrial Revolution
Filtering: keeping only the fundamental. While for a recipe this means a brighter liquid, for history this means dynamics in production.
1760 AD - Industrial Revolution
And then came machines to improve the processes and produce on large scales. With the addition of the Scientific Revolution, it was possible to do more in-depth study of beer yeasts until, in 1876, Louis Pasteur discovered a variety that allowed for the creation of a light, pleasant beer style, which quickly became popular: Lager.
Today 90% of all beer consumed in the world is of this type.
2016 - Present Day
Bottling: ready to serve. The two histories are tied together in the present day.
2016 - Present Day
Now is the time of the cup. The wait is over. After completing a journey of millennia to arrive at the current process of careful preparation, which comes from the field to your table, beer can once again do what it has always done: be appreciated. A toast to this beautiful history.
Bottling, ready to serve. The two histories are tied together in the present day. Now is the time of the cup. The wait is over. After completing a journey of millennia to arrive at the current process of careful preparation, which comes from the field to your table, beer can once again do what it has always done: be appreciated. A toast to this beautiful history.